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"A History of Precise Business Days and Observed Holidays" written by Timothy A. Raty, Risk and Compliance Specialist at Mortgage Cadence
By: Timothy A. Raty; Risk and Compliance Specialist
Date: January 31, 2022
Most of the timing requirements for disclosures under the Truth-in-Lending Act (15 U.S.C.A. §§ 1601 et seq.) and its implementing regulations known as “Regulation Z” (particularly 12 C.F.R. Pt. 1026) use “business days” to measure time. However, “business day” is not statutorily defined (e.g., see Supra § 1602), thus the various regulatory agencies tasked with enforcing TILA (most notably the Federal Reserve Board and the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection) have had to develop their own definitions of “business day” to adequately enforce the law.
Under 12 C.F.R. § 1026.2(a)(6), the CFPB defines “business day” in two ways. The first, commonly known as the “creditor” or “general” business day definition (“creditor business day”), defines such a day as one in “which the creditor’s offices are open to the public for carrying on substantially all of its business functions” and applies to nearly all parts of Regulation Z.
A separate definition is used for a few, specific requirements (most notably certain “right to rescind” rules under Ibid. §§ 1026.15 & 1026.23). This alternative definition is commonly known as the “precise” or “specific” business day definition (“precise day”). Currently, a precise day is defined as “all calendar days except Sundays and the legal public holidays specified in 5 U.S.C. 6103(a)[.]”
Last year, the “Juneteenth National Independence Day Act” (135 Stat. 287 [2021]) was signed into law and added June 19th (“Juneteenth”) as a holiday under 5 U.S.C.A. § 6103(a). Due not only to this, but also the fact that Juneteenth will occur on a Sunday this year (and observed by the Federal government on Monday, June 20th), a brief history of the precise day and how it is to be treated when it is observed on a different day may be useful.
Due to the implementation of the Truth in Lending Simplification and Reform Act in 1980 (94 Stat. 132 [1980], § VI; aka “TILA Reform Act”), the Federal Reserve Board was tasked with reforming Regulation Z in its entirety. As part of such reformation, the FRB finalized the basis of today’s precise day, which ultimately was a combination of the definition of “business day” within then-footnote 14 of 12 C.F.R. § 226.9 and the FRB’s proposed definition in one of their proposed rules (from December 1980) for the TILA Reform Act (specifically 45 FR 80648 [1980]).
As stated by the FRB, “[t]his definition provides a general rule applicable to most sections of the regulation and a special rule applicable only to the provisions on the right of rescission. The general rule, based on a creditor’s normal operating schedule, is identical to the December proposal. It is substantially similar to its counterpart in Regulation E, which implements the Electronic Fund Transfer Act. The rule for transactions subject to the right of rescission is virtually identical to footnote 14 to § 226.9 of the current regulation. The Board believes, based on the comments [received], that transactions subject to the right of rescission need a more definite and uniform business day definition and that a separate definition for those cases is justified. Thus, it has adopted this two-tiered definition.” (45 FR 20850 [1981])
The final rule, adopted as 12 C.F.R. § 226.2(a)(6), is substantially similar to today’s 12 C.F.R. § 1026.2(a)(6):
“’Business day’ means a day on which a creditor’s offices are open to the public for carrying on substantially all of its business functions. However, for purposes of rescission under §§ 226.15 and 226.23, the term means all calendar days except Sundays and the legal public holidays specified in 5 U.S.C. 6103(a), such as New Year’s Day, Washington’s Birthday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veterans Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day.” (45 FR 20893 [1981])
Official Staff Commentary for this definition was proposed and finalized later in 1981. It comprised of two comments, the first for creditor business days and the other for precise days. Notably, the Commentary was originally proposed to be as follows (note the interrelation between the italicized parts):
While the final administrative rules and official comments made due to the TILA Reform Act are fundamentally the same as they are now under 12 C.F.R. Pt. 1026, a notable difference is that the original Official Staff Commentary does not have the following from the current Commentary:
“. . . Four Federal legal holidays are identified in 5 U.S.C. 6103(a) by a specific date: New Year’s Day, January 1; Independence Day, July 4; Veterans Day, November 11; and Christmas Day, December 25. When one of these holidays (July 4, for example) falls on a Saturday, Federal offices and other entities might observe the holiday on the preceding Friday (July 3). In cases where the more precise rule applies, the observed holiday (in the example, July 3) is a business day.” (12 C.F.R. Pt. 1026, Supp. I, Paragraph 2[a][6] – 2)
On December 13, 2001 the FRB published a proposed revision to their Commentary to (inter alia) “provide guidance . . . on the definition of ‘business day’ for purposes of the right to rescind certain home-secured loans.” (66 FR 64381 [2001]) The FRB stated the following:
“Generally, when consumers have a right to rescind a home-secured loan, they may exercise the right until midnight of the third business day following consummation or the delivery of certain disclosures, whichever occurs last. Comment 2(a)(6) – 2 provides that for purposes of rescission, ‘business day’ means all calendar days except Sundays and the federal legal holidays listed in 5 U.S.C. 6103(a). Four legal holidays are identified in that statute by a specific date. Independence Day, July 4, is one example. The comment would be revised to clarify that only the date specified in the statute is considered a legal holiday for purposes of rescission. The proposed comment identifies the four legal holidays in 5 U.S.C. 6103(a) that are defined by a specific date, and provides an example to aid in compliance. . . .” (46 FR 64381 [2001]; emphasis added)
In 2002, the FRB finalized their proposed revisions without alteration. In addition to re-iterating the above paragraph, the FRB provided the following:
“Comments on this proposal were about evenly divided. Several industry trade associations supported the proposal. Some consumer advocates and a few commenters representing small financial institutions were concerned that confusion would result if weekdays observed as holidays are considered business days. Some commenters expressed concern that consumers might lose a day of their rescission period if they are unable to postmark or otherwise deliver their written notice of rescission on weekdays observed as holidays.
The comment is being adopted as proposed. The comment does not represent a new rule, but merely restates and clarifies the requirement contained in section 226.2(a)(6) of the regulation. Consumers’ ability to exercise their right to rescind is not affected because consumers can mail a notice of rescission on the observed holiday; the notice is not required to be postmarked or delivered on that day. Consumers are not likely to be confused because the rescission notice must indicate the specific date that the rescission period expires. . . .” (67 FR 16981 [2002]; emphasis added)
The wording and structure of today’s Commentary concerning precise days can often cause confusion in its application. Even courts have difficulties in applying it (e.g., see Mayoral v. WMC Mortg., LLC., No. 08 C 7292, 2009 WL 3272697, at *2 - 3 [N.D. Ill. Oct. 6, 2009]). Particularly, how legal holidays which fall on a Sunday and their observation on the following Monday can cause consternation, since this particular scenario is not addressed in the Commentary – which can lead to interpretations that, perhaps, such scenarios should be treated differently than when legal holidays occur on a Saturday, since such scenarios were specifically addressed (e.g., see Ibid.).
However, the FRB’s analyses over the decades are clear on several points:
Subsequent guidance from the FRB has provided further clarification on this point. Within their Third Quarter Issue of “Consumer Compliance Outlook” from 2010 (available here), the FRB provides many details and examples of how the business day definitions are to be applied. Among the many useful examples was the following:
“For another illustration involving a legal holiday, consider July 4. This year July 4 fell on a Sunday, but the holiday was celebrated on Monday, July 5. July 5 would not count as a business day under the general definition but would count as a business day under the precise definition, even though the bank was closed that day.” (p. 16)
At this time, no amendments have been made (let alone proposed) to have Juneteenth explicitly listed in the following parts of Regulation Z:
“. . . the term means all calendar days except Sundays and the legal public holidays specified in 5 U.S.C. 6103(a), such as New Year’s Day, the Birthday or Martin Luther King, Jr., Washington’s Birthday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veterans Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day.” (12 C.F.R. § 1026.2[a][6])
“Four Federal legal holidays are identified in 5 U.S.C. § 6103(a) by a specific date: New Year’s Day, January 1; Independence Day, July 4; Veterans Day, November 11; and Christmas Day, December 25.” (12 C.F.R. Pt. 1026, Supp. I, Paragraph 2[a][6] – 2)
This has led to some concern as to whether or not the absence of Juneteenth from these lists means that it should considered a business day until so added.
However, in the CFPB’s interpretive rule due to the enactment of the “Juneteenth National Independence Day Act”, the CFPB implied that Juneteenth should be considered a holiday:
“The legislation that made Juneteenth a Federal holiday took effect immediately. Therefore, June 19 became a Federal holiday on June 17, 2021. By virtue of the cross-reference to 5 U.S.C. 6103(a) in § 1026.2(a)(6), the days that are considered Federal holidays under the specific business day definition in Regulation Z also changed on June 17, 2021.” (86 FR 44267 [2021])
This correlates with the structure of 12 C.F.R. § 1026.2(a)(6). Note that before providing the list of holidays, the law uses the idiom “such as”, which is “used to introduce an example or series of examples” (see here). As such, the list of holidays should not be construed as being limiting, but rather exemplary; whether a holiday is considered a non-business day or not depends entirely on whether or not it is listed in 5 U.S.C.A. § 6103(a) (which Juneteenth now is).
While the Commentary could be construed as being limiting (since it does not use an idiom or other grammatical structure to indicate that the listed holidays are examples), it is important to remember that the Commentary must be construed to fulfilling its legislative intent and deference is to be given to an administrative entity’s views of the regulation, so long as such opinions are not demonstrably irrational (see Ford Motor Credit Co. v. Milhollin, 444 U.S. 555, 565 [1980]). The administrative text (which clearly provides a list of holidays as examples), coupled with the CFPB’s interpretive rule (indicating that adding a holiday to 5 U.S.C.A. § 6103[a] is sufficient to consider the holiday a precise day, via cross-reference), provides enough context to reasonably conclude that the list of holidays within the Commentary is also a list of examples.
Altogether, Juneteenth is considered just as much a precise day as Independence Day, New Year’s, Veteran’s Day, and Christmas. Because it falls on a Sunday this year and observed on a Monday, per many decades of guidance from the FRB, that Sunday would be considered a precise day, while Monday would not.